rpWtd; `l;rd; jd; jfg;gdhH nrhy;Ytij kpf MHtj;NjhL Nfl;ghd;. mtH mtDf;Fg; gy fhupaq;fisg;gw;wp tptupj;J te;jhH. ,r;rkaj;jpy; mtHfSila Ngr;R rPd ehl;ilg;gw;wpajhf ,Ue;jJ.

cyfpd; gy ghfq;fspy; Gjpa kp\dwp ,af;fq;fs; cUthfp nray;g;gl;L te;jd. Mdhy; rPd Njrj;jpw;fhd kp\dwp jpl;lq;fs; xd;W cUthfp nray;g;gltpy;iy. Ie;J Mz;LfSf;F Kd; kupj;Jg;Nghd filrp rPd kp\dwpf;Fg; gpwG xU kp\dwpiaAk; mDg;g Kaw;rpfs; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. ehd;F my;yJ Ie;J taJ epuk;gpa `l;rd; ,ijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lNghJ ehd; thypgdhFk; NghJ kp\dwpahfr; rPdhTf;F nry;YNtd; vd;whH.

Muk;g gUtk;

,q;fpyhe;J Njrj;jpy; 1832k; mz;L Nk 21 k; ehs; `l;rd; nla;yH gpwe;jhH. ,tUila ngw;NwhH rpwe;j fpwp];jtHfs;. mjpf nkypthd Njhw;wKk; ngytPd ruPuKk; cila ,td;> fy;tp fw;f mDg;gg;gl;lhd;. ,uz;lhz;Lfs; fy;tp ngw;wgpd; 14 taJ tiu tPlbNyNa jq;fp fy;tp gapd;whd;. ehd;F tajpy; mtDf;F vgpnua nkhopapd; vOj;Jf;fis mtd; jfg;gd; Nghjpj;jhH. rpW tajpNyNa cyfpd; mUl;gzp Njitia czHe;jhd;.

kde;jpUk;GjYk; miog;Gk;

rpW gpuhak; Kjy; `l;rd; Mtpf;Fupa tho;f;ifapd; R+o;epiyapy; tsHf;fg;gl;lhd;. mtd; 14 tajha; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ> xU QhapW khiyapy; ifg;gpujp xd;iw thrpj;jhd;. mjd; jiyg;G vy;yhk; Kbe;jJ vd;gjhFk;. mij thrpj;jNghJ mtDf;Fs; ght czHT te;jJ. ,ul;rpg;gpd; Njitia czHe;jhd;. me;j NeuNk fpwp];J ,NaRitj; jd; nrhe;j Mj;Jk kPl;guhf Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;. mtDila jhahH ntspa+H nrd;W jpUk;gpaJk; jd; kPl;gpd; mDgtj;ijf; $wpdhd;. mts; jd; kfdplk; ,e;j epfo;r;rp mtSf;F Kd;Ng njupAk; vd;whs;. `l;rd; kpf Mr;rupaj;Jld; jd; jhiag; ghHj;J> vg;gb cq;fSf;Fj; njupa te;jJ vd;whd;. mts; 70> 80 iky;fSf;fg;ghy; ,Ue;jNghJ mtSila cs;sj;jpy; kfidg; gw;wpa kdghuk; Vw;gl;lJ. `l;rd; kdk; jpUk;gpa mNjehspy; mtDila jhAk; `l;rd; ,ul;rpf;fg;glNtz;Lnkd;W Cf;fkha; n[gpj;jhHfs;. jd; kfidf; fHj;jH KOtJkhf kPl;Lf;nfhz;lhH vd;w epr;rak; jdf;Fs; Vw;gLk;tiu njhlHe;J n[gpj;Jf; nfhz;Nl ,Ue;jhH. gpd; jd; kfidf; fHj;jH ,ul;rpj;jjw;fhf ed;wp nrYj;jp ];Njhj;jpuk; nra;jhH.

xU ehs; gpw;gfypy; `l;rd; jd; Ntjhfkj;ij thrpj;J gLf;ifaUNf Koq;fhypy; epd;Wnfhz;bUe;jhH. tUk;fhyj;jpy; Njtd; jk;ikg; gad;gLj;j fHj;jiu Nehf;fp Ntz;Ljy; nra;J> Mz;ltNu ehd; vd;dtpjkhd gzpia> vq;F nra;Ntz;Lnkd;W vdf;Fj; jpl;lkha; njuptpAk;. ePH vdf;Fr; nrhy;Yk;tiu ,e;j miwapypUe;J ntspNawkhl;Nld; vd;W Koq;fhypy; ,Ue;j tz;zkhf kd;whbdhH. vdf;fhf rPd Njrj;jpw;Fg; Ngh vd;W Njtd; jd;NdhL NgRtijj; jpl;ltl;lkha;f; Nfl;lhH. md;wpypUe;J mtH kdk; rPd ehl;bd; gzpapd;Nky; epiyj;J epd;wJ. Njt miog;igg; ngw;w `l;rd; nla;yH gpw;fhyj;jpy; me;j miog;igg;gw;wp xUNghJk; re;Njfpj;jjpy;iy. ,e;epfo;r;rp mtH kWgpwg;gile;j rpy khjq;fspy; eilngw;wJ.

kp\dwpg; gzpf;nfd Maj;jg;gLjy;

rPd Njrj;jpy; jpUk;gzp nra;tjw;nfd;W jd;id vy;yh tpjq;fspYk; Maj;jk; nra;Jnfhs;s Kad;whH `l;rd;. rPd Njrj;ijg;gw;wp mtUf;Ff; fpilj;j jfty;fs; midj;ijAk; Nrfupj;J thrpj;J te;jhH. Mokhd Mtpf;Fupa tho;f;ifia thQ;rpj;J gupRj;j Mtpahdtupd; epiwTf;fhf n[gpj;J jd;id xg;gilj;jhH. NjtNdhL ,t;thW XH cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lhH. NjtNd> vd;id KOtJkha; Ml;nfhz;L MrPHtjpg;gPuhdhy; ckf;fhf vd;dhy; vijAk; rhjpf;f KbAk;. ckJ rpj;jj;jpw;Ff; fPo ;mike;J> ePH fhl;Lk; vijAk; ehd; nra;Ntd; vd;whH. NjtDk; mtUila ,e;j n[gj;jpw;Fg; gjpyspj;J mtUila cld;gbf;ifia cWjp nra;jhH.

kpFe;j gpuahrj;Jld; Y}f;fh vOjpd ew;nra;jp E}iy> rPd nkhopapy; fw;Wg; Gyik ngw;whH. MrpupaH cjtpapy;yhkNyNa rPd nkhopiaf; fw;Wf; nfhz;lhH. mtd; jd;id kpff; fl;Lg;ghlhd xOf;f tho;f;iff;F nfhz;L te;jhH. fbd ciog;Gk; Njf mg;gpahrKk; nra;J te;jhH. tho;f;if trjpfis cjwpj;js;sp fpilj;j jUzq;fs; vy;yhtw;wpYk; jdpikahfNt Ntiynra;J gofpdhH. mtUila jfg;gdhupd; tzpfj; njhopypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk;NghJ> ,yj;jPd;> fpNuf;f nkhopfisAk; ,iwE}y; kUj;Jtk;> Mfpatw;iwAk; fw;Wj; NjHr;rp ngw;whH. gpw;fhyj;jpy; mtH nra;ag;NghFk; vy;yhg; gzpfSf;fhfTk; Maj;jk; nra;Jnfhz;lhH. cyfpd; kw;wg; ghfq;fspy; gzpahw;Wk; kp\dwp ,af;fq;fNshL njhlHGnfhz;L mit nray;gLk; Kiwfis mwpe;J jk; kdjpy; gjpj;Jf; nfhz;lhH.

rPdHfspd; If;fpa mikg;G gpw;fhyj;jpy; rPd ehl;bw;F ew;nra;jp mwptpf;Fk; fofkhf khwpaJ. mijg; gw;wpa KO tpguq;fisAk; njupe;J nfhz;lhH.

gj;njhd;gjhk; tajpy; kUj;Jtj;jpy; Nkw; nfhz;L gbf;f ,yz;ld; efuk; Ngha;r; NrHe;jhH. ,t;tplj;jpy; Mtpf;Fupa tho;f;ifapy; kpfTk; fl;Lg; ghlhd fbd tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lhH. tWikAk; tho;f;ifg; gpur;ridfSk;> ,tiuf; fpwp];JNthL neUq;fp thOk;gb nra;jJ. jd;dykw;w tho;f;ifg; gpur;ridfSk;> ,tiuf; fpwp];JNthL neUq;fp thOk;gb nra;jJ. jd;dy kw;w tho;f;ifia Nkw;nfhz;L jd; tUkhdj;jpy; %d;wpy; xU ghfj;ijf; fHj;jUf;Ff; fhzpf;ifahff; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhH. mr;rkaj;jpy; ,yz;ldpy; ePq;fs; mtiur; re;jpj;jpUg;gPHfshdhy;> flTs; vg;gb ,tiu kp\dwp gzpj;jsj;jpy; gad;gLj;j KbAk; vd;W Mr;rupag;gl;bUg;gPHfs;. me;ehl;fspy; mtH nkypthd Njhw;wKk;> XJq;fp thOk; RghtKk; cialtuha; ,Ue;jhH. kdpj vz;zj;jpd;gb> ,tH xU Kd;Ndhbahd kp\dwpahf khw KbAk; vd;gjw;fhd jFjp mtUf;fpy;iy. Mdhy; flTspd; thf;FWjp vd;idg; ngyg;gLj;Jfpw fpwp];JtpdhNy vy;yhtw;iwAQ; nra;a vdf;Fg; gyDz;L vd;gjhFk; (gpyp.4:13). flTs; `l;rd; nla;yiug; Nghd;w kpf ngytPd kdpjHfisNa jk;Kila kfpikf;fhf jk;Kila rpj;jj;jpy; gad;gLj;JfpwhH.

,yz;ld; efupy; `l;rd; ,Ue;j rkak;> thypg gpuhaj;jpy; mtUila tpRthrk; gykha; Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lJ. jpdKk; gpuahz fl;lzj;ijf;$l mtuhy; nfhLf;f Kbatpy;iy. mjdhy; kUj;Jt kidf;Fk; jd; tPl;bw;Fk; ele;Nj Ngha; te;jhH. xt;nthU ehSk; vl;Liky; J}uk; elf;fNtz;bajpUf;Fk;. mtUila MfhuKk; kpfTk; mw;gkhdJ. xNu nuhl;bia fhiy kw;Wk; kjpa czTf;F itj;Jf;nfhs;thH. xU rkak; tp\f;fha;r;rypdhy; kupj;Jg; Nghd xUtDila cliyg; gupNrhjid nra;Ak;NghJ mtH tpuy;fs; %ykha; tp\k; Vwp tpahjpg;gl;lhH. rPdNjrj;J Nritnay;yhk; ntWk; fdNth vd;W vz;zj;Njhd;wpaJ. MdhYk; tpRthrj;jpy; cWjpahapUe;J g+uz Rfk; ngw;whH. ,t;tpj mDgtq;fspd; %ykhf mtUila tpRthrk; mjpfkha; ngyg;gl;lJ.

rPd ehl;by; gpuNtrpj;jy;

1853k; Mz;L> nrg;nlk;gH khjk; `l;rd; nla;yH rPdhtpw;Fg; gpuahzk; nra;a fg;gy; VwpdhH. mtUila %d;W ez;gHfs; topaDg;g> mtH juprdKk; miog;Gk; ngw;w ehl;bw;Fg; gpuahzg;gl;lhH. rPd ehl;bw;F ew;nra;jp fofk; vd;w ];jhgdj;jpd; thapyhf mDg;gg;gl;lhH.

Ie;jiu khjq;fs; gpuahzj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ,Ugj;jpnuz;L tajhd ,sk; thypgdhd `l;rd;> rPd Njrj;jpy; \hq;fha; JiwKfj;jpy; te;J ,wq;fpdhH. mtUf;F thf;fspf;fg;gl;l ehl;bd; fiuapy; mtH fhyb vLj;J itj;jNghJ mtH cs;sk; g+upj;Jg; NghdhH. rPdhtpd; cs; ehl;Lg; gFjpia> RtpNr\j;jpw;nfd;W CLUtpr; nry;yg;NghfpwtH jhNd vd;W mg;NghJ mtUf;Fj; njupahJ.

rPd ehl;by; mtH fiuapwq;fpaNghJ mtiu tuNtw;f xUtUk; ,y;iy. ez;gHfSk; ahUk; ,y;iy. \hq;fha; efuk; Gul;rpahsHfspd; Ml;rpapy; ,Ug;gJ mtUf;F mg;NghJjhd; njupa te;jJ. czTg; nghUs;fspd; tpiyfs; caHe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ. jdpikapy; te;J NrHe;j thypg kp\dwpf;F ,itfs; cw;rhf%l;lf; $bajhf ,y;iy. flTspd; Ngupy; mtUf;fpUe;j tpRthrNk> mtiuj; jhq;fpg; gpbj;jJ.

rPdiu fpwp];JTf;Fs; topelj;j ,tH kpfj; Jbg;gha; ,Ue;jhH. kpff; Fiwe;j nkhop mwpitf; nfhzNl rPd kf;fisr; re;jpf;fTk;> mtHfSf;F ew;nra;jp E}y;fisAk;> ifg;gpujpfisAk; nfhLf;Fk;gbahfj; jpUg;gzpapy; ,wq;fpdhH. ,t;tpjk; kf;fspilNa gofpajhy;> gy rPd thHj;ijfisf; fw;Wf;nfhs;sTk; mij cr;rupj;J ,yFthfg; NgrTk; mtuhy; Kbe;jJ. Kd;Ndhbahd kp\dwpfs; nrd;wpuhj mNef gFjpfSf;F ,tH nrd;W Copak; nra;jhH. mg;gb cs;ehl;L gpuahzq;fs; mjpf Mgj;ijf; nfhz;LtUk; epiyapy; md;W kf;fs; Gul;rp elj;jpdhHfs;.

xUKiw mtUila Copaj;jpd;NghJ XH caukhd gyrhypahd kdpjdplk; rpf;fpf;nfhz;lhH. mtd; Fbntwpapy; ,Ue;jhd;. jiyKbiag; gpbj;J mtiu ,Oj;J Kul;Lj;jdkhf mtiu elj;jpdhd;. mtNuh kaf;fkhfp tpOk; epiyikf;F te;Jtpl;lhH. vd;whYk; `l;rd; jd;id epjhdpj;Jf;nfhz;L> ,yf;fpag; Gj;jfq;fis tpepNahfpj;Jf; nfhz;UbUe;jhH. jdf;F kw;nwhU jUzk; fpilf;fhky; Nghfyhk; vd;gJ mtH vz;zk;. mtUila vjpupfs; mtH Gj;jfq;fis tpepNahfpg;gijf; fz;L mjpf NfhgKw;wdH. XH murhq;f mYtyuplk; ,Oj;Jr; nrd;wdH. me;j mjpfhup kpFe;j fhUz;akha; mtiu elj;jp> xU Gjpa Vw;ghl;il mtuplkpUe;J ngw;Wnfhz;lhH.

`l;rdpd; epidTk; kdKk; cs;ehl;Lr; rPdHfisg; Ngha; miltijNa ,yl;rpakhff; nfhz;bUe;jJ. vz;zpwe;j rPdkf;fs; cs;ehl;by; fpwp];JTf;nfd;W Mjhag;gLj;jg;glhj epiyapy; ,Ue;jdH. gTy; mbahupd; Kd;khjpupapd;gb> rpyiu ahtJ ,ul;rpf;Fk;gbahf ehd; vy;yhUf;Fk; vy;yhKkhNdd; vd;wgb ,tUk; rPd cilfis cLj;jp> rPd tho;f;if Kiwia Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ,tH rPdUila Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;wpaJ INuhg;gpaHfSf;Fk; kw;w kp\dwpfSf;Fk; gpbf;ftpy;iy. cs;ehl;L rPd kf;fis Mjhag;gLj;j Ntz;Lkhdhy;> rPdH Kiwfis mDrupg;gJ rpwe;jJ vd;W `l;rd; mwpe;jpUe;jhH. mt;tpjk; mtH mtHfs; kj;jpapy; cioj;J gyd; je;jJ. rpy khjq;fspy; kdk; jpUk;gpa Kjy; Mj;Jkhit Mjhag;gLj;jptpl;lhH.

gpur;ridfs; R+o;e;Jk; mijupag;gltpy;iy

nla;yH jd;Dila gzpapy; mbf;fb NrhHtila Nrhjpf;fg;gl;lhH. vjpHfhyk; mtUf;F ,UshfNt ,Ue;jJ. mijf; Fwpj;J vd; ghij rkkhff; fhzg;gl;lhYk; XH mb khj;jpuk; elj;jg;gl;Nld;. ehd; ,d;Dk; flTSila ntspg;gLj;JjYf;Ff; fhj;jpUf;fTk; mtiu ek;gTk; Ntz;Lk;. vy;yhk; ed;ikahfNt elf;Fk; vd;W vOjpAs;shH. mtiu mDg;gp itj;j kp\dwp ,af;fk; kpfr; rhtjhdkhf ,Ue;Jtpl;lJ. gz cjtpfs; xOq;fha; te;J gzpj;jsk; NrUtjpy;iy. ,tH l;Rq;fpq; efupy; xU kUj;Jtg; gzpj;jsj;ij epWtpdhH. mjd; %ykha; Mapuf;fzf;fhd Mj;Jkhf;fisr; re;jpf;f Kbe;jJ. gpuplb\; muR mjpfhupfs;> mtiu cs;ehl;bw;Fs; nry;yhjgb jiltpjpj;jdH. mg;gbr; nry;Ythuhdhy; xU ngupa mguhjj; njhifiaf; fl;l Ntz;Lnkd;W fl;lisapl;ldH. vjpHghuhj rPd Gul;rp rk;gtq;fs;> mtUf;F Mgj;ij tpistpf;Fk; vd;gNj mjd; Nehf;fk;. `l;rd; jd;idg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tijtpl> cs;ehl;L kf;fSf;F ew;nra;jpia mwptpg;gNj mtUf;Fg; gpujhdkha;f; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtUila kd cWjpapYk; mtH jsHe;Jtpltpy;iy. ghJfhg;igf; fhl;bYk; kf;fisf; fpwp];JTf;Fs; nfhz;L tUtJ mtH Nehf;fk;. mtUila xNu ez;gH tpy;ypak; gHz;]; vd;gtH kupj;jjpdhy;> mtUf;F mjpHr;rpAk; jhq;fKbahj JauKk; Vw;gl;lJ. mtUk; ,tiug; Nghd;w xNu Nehf;fk; cilatH. rPdHfspd; kPl;Gf;fhf jpUg;gzpapy; <Lgl;ltH. `l;rd; ,we;Jtpl;l jd; ez;gdpd; fpwp];jt If;fpaj;jpdhy; cw;rhfj;ijAk;> kd cWjpiaAk; ngw;wpUe;jhH. 1856k; Mz;L gHz;];> cs; ehl;Lg; Gul;rpf;fhuuhy; rpiw gpbf;fg;gl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;lhH. ,J mtUf;Fg; Ngupog;ghFk;.

vy;yh epiyikfspYk; fpwp];J `l;rd; nla;yiu top elj;jpdhH. ePq;Ngh vd;w JiwKf efupy; jd; gzpia Muk;gpf;f KbT nra;jhH. me;efupy; kUj;JtH vtUk; ,y;iy. epq;Ngh efUf;Fr; nry;Yk; topapy; mtUila Ntiyf;fhud; vy;yh cilikfisAk; jpUbf;nfhz;L mtiuj; jdpNa tpl;L Xbg;Nghdhd;. Mfhuf; FiwtpdhYk;> J}f;fkpd;ikahYk; Mahrg;gl;ltuha;> mjpff; fisg;gile;jhH. ruPuk; ngytPdg;gl;ljhy; ghij Xuj;jpy; kaq;fp tpOe;jhH. ,e;epiyapYk; mtUila gpujhd Nehf;fk;> jd;idr; Rw;wpYKs;s rPdHfisg; gw;wpaNj MFk;. jd; cilikfis ,oe;jjpdhy; Vw;gl;l jtpg;G mtuplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. fpwp];Jit cldbahfNt gpurq;fpf;f Muk;gpj;Jtpl;lhH. epq;Ngh nkhopapy; Vw;nfdNt ,Ue;j Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; Gj;jfj;ij Vw;nfdNt ,Ue;j Gjpa Vw;ghl;Lg; Gj;jfj;ij kWgbAk; jpUj;jpaikj;jhH. kupah ilaH vd;w eq;ifia epq;Ngh efupy; re;jpj;J jpUkzk; nra;J nfhz;lhH. ,UtUk; NrHe;J NehAw;Nwhiuf; ftdpg;gjpYk;> rPdHfSf;Fr; RtpNr\j;ijg; gpurq;fpg;gjpYk; <Lgl;ldH. ePz;l Neug; gbg;G> cge;epahrk; nra;tJ> gy NtWgl;l gUtepiyfspy; ePz;l gpuahzq;fis Nkw;nfhs;StJ Mfpait nla;yH mtHfspd; Rfj;ijg; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. VO Mz;Lfs; ,iltplhj Nritf;Fg;gpd;> mtUila RftPdj;jpd; fhuzkhf ,q;fpyhe;J Njrk; nry;y Neupl;lJ. Xa;T vLf;fTk;> ew;Rfk; ngwTk; Ra Njrj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gpr; nry;y Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d; ];jhgdk;

,yz;ld; efupy; mtH jq;fpapUf;Fk;NghJ> kUj;Jtf; fy;tpiaj; njhlHe;J gbj;jhH. rPd kUj;Jtf; fy;tpia njhlHe;J gbj;jhH. rPd Njr tpsf;fg; glk; xd;W mtUf;nfjpuhf Rtw;wpy; njhq;ftplg;gl;bUe;jJ. mjpy; gjpndhU jdpj;jdp gpuNjrq;fisAk;> Kg;gj;njl;L Nfhb kf;fisAk; rpj;jupj;J ,Ue;jJ. ,j;jidf; Nfhb kf;fSf;Fk; RtpNr\j;ijr; nrhy;y> xNu xU kp\dp$l md;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy. mJ mtUf;F vg;NghJk; epidt+l;LjyhfNt ,Ue;jJ. rPd Njrj;jpd; Njitfis ifg;gpujpfspd; thapyhfTk;> rpW gpuRuq;fshfTk; vOjp te;jhH. ,e;jg; gjpndhU gpuNjrq;fspy; gzp Gupa ,Ugj;Jehd;F kp\dwpfSf;fhf n[gpj;J te;jhH. ,uz;L ehs; fopj;J xU rpW njhifia tpRthrj;jpdhNy tq;fpapy; KjyPL nra;jhH. rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d; ];jhgdj;jpd; Ngupy;> me;jj; njhif itg;Gj; njhifahf ,Ug;gpy; Nghlg;gl;lJ. tpRthrj;jpd; tpisthf ,Ug;gpy; rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d;   ];jhgdk; md;W ehl;lg;ngw;wJ. rpwpa njhifNahL Vuhskhd flTspd; thf;Fj;jj;jq;fSk; md;W kp\d; ];jhgdj;jpw;fhf KjyPL nra;ag;gl;lJ vd;W `l;rd; nrhd;dhH.

Njtd; mtUila kd;whl;LfSf;Fg; gjpy; mUspdhH. gjpndhU khjq;fl;Fg; gpd;dH> gjpdhW kp\dwpfNshL rPd ehl;bw;F `l;rd; gazkhdhH. mtNuhL nrd;w gjpdhW kp\dwpkhHfSk; mtiug; NghyNt KOtJkha; fHj;jiur; rhHe;J jpUg;gzpf;F xg;gilj;jtHfs;. Njt thf;Ffis ek;gp Vw;Wf;nfhz;L jq;fisj; jj;jk; nra;jpUe;jdH. xUtUf;fhfpYk; epr;rakhd khjr; rk;gsk; fpilf;Fk; vd;w cWjpapy;iy. ve;j ,lj;jpy; gzp nra;ag; NghfpNwhk;> mt;tplj;jpd; epiyik ahJ vd;W mwpahj epiyapy; gazkhapdH. rPd ehl;by; mtHfis tuNtw;f xUtUk; ,y;iy. cs;ehl;Lg; gFjpf;Fr; nry;yNt midtUk; jPHkhdpj;jpUe;jdH. cd; ehl;by;> ntspehl;ltUf;Fg; gyj;j vjpHg;G ,Ue;J te;jJ. fg;gy; gpuahzj;jpd;NghJ `l;rd; FOtpdH Mw;wpa jpUkiw ciuahly;fs; %ykha; ,UgJ fg;gy; rpg;ge;jpfs; fpwp];Jitj; jq;fs; nrhe;j ,ul;rfuhf vw;Wf;nfhz;ldH. fg;gypd; nkhj;j CopaHfs; Kg;gj;J ehd;F NgH. fly; fle;J nry;tjhy; xU k\dwp cUthFtjpy;iy. jd; tPl;bYk;> Raehl;bYk; fpwp];Jtpd; Nritapy; gaDs;stuha; ,Uf;fkhl;lhH vd;W `l;rd; mbf;fb $WthH.

rPd ehl;il kWKiw te;jiljy;

\hq;fha; JiwKfj;jpy; te;J NrHe;j midj;J kp\dwpfSk;> capH Mgj;JfSf;Fg; gag;glhky; cs;ehl;bw;Fs; Nghfj; jPHkhdpj;jdH. ,e;jf; FOtpw;F ,sik kpf;f nla;yH> jsgjpahf jiyik Vw;W elj;jpr; nrd;whH. mNefk; Kiw mtHfSf;F jq;Fk; trjpNah Vw;w MfhuNkh ,Ue;jjpy;iy. fHj;jiu ek;gpdgbapdhy; mtNu mtHfSila Njit vy;yhtw;iwAk; re;jpj;jhH. rpW gps;isf;nfhj;j vspa tpRthrNk> nla;yH mtHfspd; ntw;wpapd; ,ufrpakha; ,Ue;jJ. xt;nthU gpur;ridiaAk; tpRthrj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhz;L ntw;wpailtNj> fHj;jUila gps;isf;Fg; gyKk; Cl;lKk; nfhLf;ff;$ba ty;yikahf khWfpwJ vd;W `l;rd; nrhy;YthH.

,UgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;dH> rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d; ];jhgdk; kpfg;ngupa mstpy; tsHe;J rpwg;ghd gzpGupe;jJ. ,UE}w;W ,Ugj;ije;J kp\dwpfSk;> Ik;gj;njhd;gJ Myaq;fSk;> Mapuj;J vOE}W tpRthrpfisAk; nfhz;l ];jhgdkha; tpsq;fpw;W. gapw;rp epiyaq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. Mapuf;fzf;fhd ifg;gpujpfSk;> rpW Gj;jfq;fSk; rPd kf;fSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;ld. nja;tj;jpUg;gzpapy; ,og;GfSk; cz;L. `l;rd; nla;yUila kidtpAk; %d;W kf;fSk; ,we;J NghapdH. mtUila kidtp gd;dpuz;liu Mz;Lfs; mtUf;F kpf cjtpahf ,Ue;jts;> fyhuh tpahjpapdhy; kupj;Jg; Nghdhs;. mtH mjpfkha; Nerpj;j mUik kfs; ,we;jNghJ> vq;fs; ,jaq;fs; ntbj;Jr; rpjWfpd;wd. ,e;j mDgtk; vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf caHe;J epw;fpd;wd. vq;fs; ,NaR vy;yhtw;iwAk; ed;wha;r; nra;jhH vd;Wk;> mtH kidtp ,we;jNghJ> ehNdh jdpj;J tplg;gl;ltd; my;y. Kd;idf; fhl;bYk; fHj;jH vdf;F mjpf neUf;fkhf cs;shH vd;Wk; vOjp itj;jhH. `l;rd; ,g;gbg;gl;l ngUk; ,og;Gfisf; fpwp];Jtpd; epkpj;jk; ijupaj;NjhL jhq;fpf;nfhz;lhH.

rPd ehl;bd; jpUg;gzpj; Njitfis vy;yhk; mtH nrd;w ,lnky;yhk; kf;fSf;F vLj;Jr; nrhy;YthH. Mdhy; xUNghJk; gzk; jhUq;fs; vd;W Nfl;lNj ,y;iy. mtUf;Fg; gzNkh> CopaHfNsh Njitg;gl;lNghnjy;yhk;> fHj;jUf;Nf jk; Ntz;Ljy;fisj; njupag;gLj;jpdhH. rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d; gzpf;nfd;W fhzpf;ifnaLf;f mtH xUNghJk; mDkjpj;jNj ,y;iy. mtUila jpl;lkhd ,e;jf; nfhs;isapd; mbg;gilapy;jhd;> kp\d; ];jhgdk; ,aq;fp te;jJ. flTSf;F kfpikiaf; nfhz;L tUtNj mtuJ Nehf;fk;.

rPd NjrNk vg;NghJk; mtH epidT

`l;rd; nla;yH gyKiw ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F te;jNghjpYk;> mtH epidnty;yhk; rPdehl;ilg; gw;wpaNj. mjdhy; mtH jpUg;gzpf;Fj; jpUk;gptpLthH. ,uz;lhtJ KiwAk; jpUkzk; nra;Jnfhz;L rPd Njrj;jpd; xt;nthU gl;lzj;ijAk; fpwp];JTf;nfd;W Mjhag;gLj;jj; jPHkhdpj;jhH. mtUila KJnfYk;gpy; tpgj;jhy; Vw;gl;l fhaj;jpdpkpj;jk;> gy khjq;fs; gLf;ifapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. RftPd ehl;fNsh> flTs; mtUf;F njspthd ntspg;ghLfisj; je;jUspa ehl;fshFk;. rPd jpUg;gzpapd; jpl;lkhd nray;g;gLk; Nehf;fq;fis tiuaWj;jhH. mjw;nfd;W jk; kidtpAld;   mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;> fdlh>> M];jpNuypah> njd; mnkupf;fh Mfpa ehLfspy; Rw;Wg; gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ,t;tplq;fspnyy;yhk; rPd Njrj;jpd; Vuhskhd Njitfis vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhNuad;wp> gz cjtpia mtH xUNghJk; Nfl;ljpy;iy. 1900k; Mz;L mtH ,q;fpyhe;jpy; ,Ue;j rkak; rPd Njrj;jy; gzpnra;Jnfhz;bUe;j vOgj;njd;gJ kp\dwpf; FLk;gq;fs; rPdHfshy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;lijf; Nfs;tpg;gl;lhH. mthfspy; ,Ugj;njhUNgH kp\dwpfspd; gps;isfshFk;. ehd;F tUlq;fs; fopj;J mtH jkJ ,uz;lhtJ kidtpiaAk; ,oe;Jtpl;lhH.

nla;yH ,q;fpyhe;J Njrj;jpy; jq;fpapUf;f kdkw;wtuha; 1905k; Mz;L jd;Dila gjpNdhuhtJ gazj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhH. ,q;fpyhe;jpypUe;J rPdhTf;Fr; nrd;w filrpg; gazkhfTk; mJ mike;jJ. rPd ehl;by; mtUf;F mNkhf tuNtw;G mspf;fg;gl;lJ. mtH rhq;\h gl;lzj;jpw;Fr; nry;y tpUk;gpdhH. mg;gl;lzk; mtUila jpUg;gzpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;j filrp khepyj;jpd; jiyefukhFk;. me;efiu RtpNr\j;jpd; Muk;gg;gzpf;nfd;W jpwe;Jtpl te;J NrHe;jhH. rhq;\h efupy; mtH te;J ,wq;fpaJNk> flTNshL If;fpag;gLk;gbahfg; guNyhfk; nrd;wile;jhH.

`l;rd; nla;yH ,wf;Fk;NghJ> rPd cs;ehl;L ];jhgdj;jpy; vz;Z}w;W ehw;gj;njd;gJ kp\dwpfs; gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;bUe;jdH. rPd ehL fk;kpdpa+];Lfshy; Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nra;g;gLk;tiu> rPd cs;ehl;L kp\d; fpwp];Jtpd; Nritapy; <Lgl;bUe;jJ. `l;rd; nal;yH cyf IRtupak; xd;Wk; ,y;yhjtH. tWikapy; tho;e;jtH. tho;f;if trjpfis cjwpj; js;sp> mNefiu IRtupahd;fshf;fj; jd;id Vo;ikahf;fpdshH. [PtDs;s Njtid KOtJkha; ek;gpr; rhHe;jNj ,tH tho;f;ifapd; ,ufrpak;. Ntj trdq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; thf;Ffis vy;yhk; ek;gpf;ifNahL Vw;Wf;nfhz;ltH. Njtd; vitfisnay;yhk; jkJ trdj;jpy; thf;Fj;jj;jk; nra;jpUf;fpwhNuh> mitfis epr;rak; nra;thH vd;w cWjpNahL gzpahw;wpdhH. if$lhJ> elf;fNt elf;fhJ> xUtUk; nra;aKbahJ vd;W kdpjd; epidg;gitfisg; ghHj;J tpRthrk; vd;Dk; gw;WWjp rpupf;Fk;. fPo;g;gbjYk;> flTSila rpj;jj;ij nra;jYk;> Nfs;tpfidf; Nfl;L jhkjpf;Fk; kdg;ghd;ikiaf; nfhz;L tuhJ vd;Dk; nghd; nkhopfis `l;rd; mbf;fb $WthH. tpRthrKk; fPo;g;gbjYk;> fHj;jUila jpUg;gzpahsHfspd; ty;y nray;fspd; ,ufrpakhFk;. ePAk; fHj;jUila gzpapy; tpRthrj;NjhL fPo;g;gbthNah?